cup product
The cup product adds multiplication to cohomology groups. Compare its cochain definition with the surface calculation to see what information survives beyond the ranks of the groups.
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Where to read
Start here: Algebraic Topology
Allen Hatcher · Book · English · Free full text
§3.2 Cup Product, cochain definition and Example 3.7, printed pp. 206–207
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Algebraic Topology & Homotopy Theory in the library · Preparation and skip guidance · Terminology and translation evidence