Halting Problem
There is no algorithm deciding whether every encoded machine halts on its supplied input. Follow the diagonal construction carefully: a machine's own description becomes the input that defeats the proposed decision procedure.
Before opening the references
function between sets · Countable Set · Proof by Contradiction
Where to read
Start here: Sets, Logic, Computation: An Open Introduction to Metalogic
Richard Zach; based on the Open Logic Text by the Open Logic Project · Open textbook · English · Free full text
§15.3 The Halting Problem, Definition 15.5 and Theorem 15.8 (Unsolvability of the Halting Problem)
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Mathematical Logic & Computability in the library · Preparation and skip guidance